the soil
Soil location and how it is formed
Soil is a superficial layer of the earth’s crust, and it consists of different levels, and represents a support on which plants grow and animals live, and the soil arises from the disintegration of the mother rock due to temperature changes. the rock.
Soil components
Water and air in the soil:
Soil contains water and air that fill the spaces between its grains, which increases its aeration and moisture.
The best soils from an agricultural point of view are those that provide an adequate amount of water and air necessary for the life and growth of plants.
Soil minerals:
Soil consists of a loose mixture of rock fragments such as gravel, fine sand, silt and clay. These components differ in terms of their proportions, weight, weight and hardness. These elements are called mineral substances.
Soil organic matter:
There are several living elements in the soil, such as worms, insects and plant roots. And dead elements such as the remains of leaves and branches of plants and animal carcasses, all of which are in the process of decomposition. All of these elements are what is called organic matter of the soil.
Soil microorganisms:
The soil contains a large number of micro-animals. The most important of them are: earthworms, multi-legged, small insects. These micro-animals contain in terms of their shape, size and number, and they have nutritional signs.
Soil Microorganisms:
In addition to microorganisms, the soil contains microscopic organisms, such as bacteria and fungi that grow, breathe, and feed on plant remains and animal carcasses. As they work to decompose and decompose, they are called decomposers.
The role of living organisms in the formation of humus:
The elements of forest bedding are subjected to fragmentation and mixing by the action of micro-animals (earthworms, colloids...), then decomposition and decomposition by bacteria and fungi, to turn into a dark-colored sticky substance called wilt, which gives the soil properties that increase its fertility.
Factors responsible for soil erosion and environmental degradation
Soil is exposed to multiple inducing factors, including rain, running water, torrential rain, strong winds, overgrazing, and the rapid increase in population. These factors not only affect the soil, but also damage the environment that leads to its deterioration.
Some ways to protect the soil and the environment
Several methods are used to preserve the soil, afforestation of lands, reforestation and protection from fires and cutting, building terraces where plants are planted to reduce the speed of rain and torrential flow, resisting sand encroachment, and all of these methods contribute to preserving the environment.
The importance of improving the soil to increase its agricultural yield in order to ensure economic and social development.
There are several ways to improve the soil, including the following: plowing the soil, enriching it with organic and mineral fertilizers, irrigation, rotating different crops on the same piece of land to restore soil fertility and increase its yield. Excessive use of fertilizers is harmful to human health, because it pollutes groundwater And vegetables and fish.
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